Abuse How It Effects Cognitive Development and Prevention...

Abuse: How it Effects Cognitive Development and Prevention Methods Drake Hough Liberty University COUN 502-C16 Dr. Lee A. Harlan November 6, 2010 Abstract Research indicates that traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, increase the risk for different cognitive development disorders that effect learning, memory, and consciousness. Statistics show that no one age, gender, or ethnic group is excluded. Cognitive development that is affected includes depression, learning disorders, developmental disorders, attachment disorders and PTSD. Patterns of attachment affect the quality of information processing throughout the individual’s life. With this evidence, it is imperative to have programs†¦show more content†¦During young adult (age twenty to forty years) there is a peak in physical capabilities (strength, coordination, and reaction time), brain function continues to grow, stress can be a health threat (Feldman, 2011). Depending on the age the abuse occurs can affect each individual’s cognitive development to include but not limited to disorders like depression, anxiety, learning and memory disorders, PTS D, and attachment disorders. According to the definition given by Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, depression is the emotional state that is characterized by extraordinary sadness. Since 1967, Aaron Beck has provided us with a model of his theory on depression. Beck’s diathesis-stress theory suggests that depression leads back to a dysfunctional formation early on, which left the individual vulnerable to depression if encountered with stressors (Butcher, Mineka, Hooley, 2010). Butcher, Mineka, and Hooly (2010) discuss that according to Beck the parent or guardian are responsible for providing the child or adolescent’s schema. These may lie dormant until activated by a critical incident. It then triggers automatic negative thoughts that lead to depression. Reports of child abuse have suggested an increase in negative self-worth, negative self-attitudes, and negative self-associations. They tend to get caught up in a negative mood, which leads to depression (van Harmelen, deJong, Glashouwer, Spinh over, Penninx, and Elzing,Show MoreRelatedThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse731 Words   |  3 PagesThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse A recent study has found that five children die daily, due to abuse and neglect. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"Studies show that psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior are side effects of violence towards infants and younger children. Some of damaging behavior caused by abuse includes the following: Depression, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, anxiety disorders, aggression and violence towards others, risky sexual behaviors and post-traumaticRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention Program Grant Proposal2736 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Child abuse is still a significant problem in United States. There are 2.9 million child abuse reports to Child Protective Services in 2005 and 825,000 indicated cases. Child abuse has profound impact on the child’s current and future development. The consequences include health and physical effects, intellectual and cognitive impact, and emotional, psychological and behavioral consequences. To improve parenting practice of first time parents is an important way to address this problem.Read MoreChild Abuse and Neglect1678 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of child abuse is one of the hardest topics to write about. It is imperative to have a profound understanding of this topic and its consequences specially when working in the field of human services. Professionally and personally, I have encountered situations where child abuse is present. This reality has touched my life in many ways and these experiences continue shaping me as a human being and as social service provider. I will try to cover in this paper the subject of child abuse, its definitionsRead MoreSubstance Abuse Prevention On Adolescents1451 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse Prevention in Adolescents Adolescence is the most common period of life in which both recreational and therapeutic drug use is introduced. Coincidentally, brain development and maturity is also at an all time high during this stage of life (2). When initiating the use of a therapeutic drug, the health care provider compares the risk to the benefit. If the benefit outweighs the risk, the drug is generally prescribed effectively. This process allows for the safe and applicable useRead MoreThe Development And Assessment Of A Major Public Health Problem1529 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the development and assessment of a proposed intervention for a major public health problem, including how best to evaluate its effectiveness. Addiction is the term used when a person takes part in an activity, or ingests a substance that gives them pleasure, but then the continuous use of it becomes compulsive and starts interfering with their everyday life. The behaviour of an addict can easily be recognised as it represents confusing human activity. (Shaffer, 1996). These behaviours canRead MoreThe Psychological And Psychological Aspects Of Drug Use Prevention Programs1593 Words   |  7 Pagespaper specifically is referring to adolescents within a secondary education level, between the ages of 12 to 19. Introduction This paper will emphasize the necessity of school-based drug use prevention programs by supporting the psychological growth and understanding of the harmful effects of drug abuse. Forming healthy parent-child relations, external social determinants, and the neurobiological imbalance during the developing stage of youth (Pokhrel, Herzong, Black, Zaman, Riggs, Sussman, 2013Read MoreAbuse993 Words   |  4 Pagesapparent negative effects of maltreatment on children’s tendency to engage in crime were real. Being maltreated was found to almost double the probability of engaging in many types of crime and the effects were worst for children. Sexual abuse appeared to have the largest effects on crime. This paper focuses on the effect of child maltreatment and neglect. The study examined the effects of different types of abuse and the effect of child neglect. For many decades, the act of child abuse has been a majorRead MoreTeenage Suicide On The Rise Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesApproximately 1,500 of those suicide cases are LGBT teenagers (CDC, 2014). Many of these deaths are a result of bullying and or cyberbullying. LGBT teens also have much more lethal methods in suicide attempts when compared to heterosexual teenagers (Sharon, 2016). Gay teenage males are more likely to have violent methods of suicide attempts than lesbian teenage females and are usually more successful at their suicide attempts than females. However, LGBT females attempt suicide much more often thanRead MoreThe Sex Trafficking Trade948 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen astounding. To comprehend how to combat the issue one must be aware there has been a problem occurring. Therefore it would be essential to provide the necessary statistics for individuals to know which youths are targets by their vulnerability. The types of strategies implemented in the past associated with prevention of such victimization of minors. Lastly, how do we reintegrate these youths back into society to develop into productive citizens without further abuse. Youths that become tangledRead MoreThe Anxiety With A Referral From A General Practitioner1638 Words   |  7 Pagescan perform Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), CBT has been found to be the most effective treatment for anxiety disorders. CBT is a type of psychotherapy that helps an individual to change unhelpful thoughts and behaviours which can contribute to anxiety (beyondblue, 2016). CBT is proven to be the most effective way to reduce Anxiety and stress a person is suffering from, specialist that can perform CBT use the method to change how the brain reacts to certain situations by change how the brain reacts

Sports Are More Important than Education - 1484 Words

As of 2007, a total of 15.6 million undergraduate college students attended school in search of a higher level of education (How Many?). In spring of 2013, only 14,473,884 students attended an American college or university, constituting a decrease of 1,126,116 students compared to 2007 (College Enrollment ). One reason for the decrease is that some students do not have any plan for after high school, however most student-athletes do. It is often said that education should come before anything else, an example being athletics. So when an argument rises on whether or not student- athletes in college should be exempted from class attendance policies to participate in sport related activities such as practices, meetings, and games the†¦show more content†¦Even if the athletic career doesn’t work out, they are still going to need more than a decent academic standing and quotidian class attendance to pursue a noble career. â€Å"They need a range of skills to be employabl e in the long term† (Paulson). While Education should come first before anything else, Student - Athletes should still be exempted from class attendance policies for athletic oriented purposes. Separate standers are not only fair, but actually fairer than uniform standers for all students. People are in college for different reasons and on different merits. It is sometimes argued that student athletes should not be exempted from class attendance policies because all students should be held to the same standards and criteria when it comes to things like rules, policies, and expectations. However, a nutrition major cannot be expected to receive high marks in classes that a physics major might take, and vice versa. You won’t hold an english major to the standards of a math major and you wouldnt hold a math major to the standards of an athlete’s .Nothing prevents student athletes from holding themselves to high academic standards, that decision is personal. The fact that one might attend a college or university to participate in pre- med programs in order to pursue a PhD, against one that is attending college to play a collegiate sport, with a major as a backup plan, separate standardsShow MoreRelatedWhy Physical Education Is Important Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesAn important question regarding people today, from the ages of 9 to 90 is why is physical education important? Physical education is important for a number of reasons, one of the biggest reasons being that if someone is physical fit and participates in physical activity daily, the chances are, their going to live a longer, healthier life than one who is not physical fit and does not participate in physical activity on a daily basis. Another big reason is physical education and athletics help defineRead MoreThe Importance of Providing Students with Physical Education Classes1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of providing students with physical education classes. COM 156 April 10, 2011 Student athletes should be required to take physical education classes like the rest of the school. The very important values that students learn through physical education classes are something that sports cannot teach. If schools do consider an exemption, they must decide what to include in their exemption status. The main role of a student is to learn during his time at school is to learn. StudentsRead MoreSara Simpson . Brandon Gillette . Philosophy . 22 February1186 Words   |  5 Pagesplaying a sport, education will never be the same again. And that would be true madness.† (College athletes). My argument that college athletes are compensated through scholarships and various other expenses is strongly supported. College athletes should not be paid for college sports because they are compensated through other means such as: learning new skills, education, and scholarships. The standard form of the article shows to be a clear main argument. The standard form shows more than one premiseRead MoreEssay about Education in Sport708 Words   |  3 PagesEducation in Sport The development of modern sport as a global entity have been inextricably linked to the concept of education. Modern sport originated in educational institutes primarily in Britain during the mid-to-late nineteenth century, and was exported worldwide as an integral part of that educational system. Within these institutions, sport was originally seen as a device for building and demonstrating character, a rather vague term that is still used as aRead MoreStudent Athletes And Physical Education1604 Words   |  7 Pagestake physical education in order to graduate. Envision a student who does very well in school and would like to take advanced placement or running start classes in order to better prepare themselves for college. This student, however, cannot take these classes because he or she has to take physical education, a gradation requirement, and does not have the schedule flexibility to fit both classes in. Almost every school in the United States requires students to take physical education in order to graduateRead MoreAssignment 2 PST312M1626 Words   |  7 Pages4565-391-7 Subject: PST312M – Physical education and sports coaching Semester 1: Assignment 2 Unique number: 527854 Questions 1. Briefly explain the relationship between physical education and sport. (5) 2. Which test is used to evaluate a child’s posture? Explain. (5) 3. Why is knowledge regarding the structure and functioning of the body so important to the physical education teacher and coach? (5) 4. What is integration as it relates to sport? Explain. (5) 5. Describe the teachingRead MoreDefinition Curriculum : A Curriculum1042 Words   |  5 Pagesbut an educator’s implied curriculum may have a greater impact on their students than what they realize. McCutcheon (1988) states, â€Å"hidden curriculum† is created by the educator, as they inevitably will pass on their values when teaching (p. 198). Educators do not always intend on teaching an implied curriculum but this happens from time to time. Educators teach character traits like important â€Å"values† whether than mean to or not (Parkay, Hass, and Anctil, 2010, p.43). Christian teachers implementRead MoreEducation : The Importance Of Sports And Education1680 Words   |  7 PagesGeorge Washington Carver put in plainly when he stated, â€Å"Education is the key to unlock the door of freedom.† Education is a fundamental part of an individual’s future as it gives them a key to open more doors for happiness, success, and prosperity. The school system a place made for education has drafted away from its purpose. Sports in the eyes of young people is the key they need for life. Sports are idolized not only by the children in the school system, but also embarrassingly by the educatorsRead MoreCollege Athletes Should Not Be Paid1140 Words   |  5 PagesBailey Duggan Professor Gina Rho Freshman composition 111 21 march, 2016 Money and sports Collegiate athletes attend college to master their craft before going professional, and should not be paid. This also does not factor in other things such as injury and other issues that could arise. Colleges paying students to perform is not merited and would only cause more problems. Scholarships are important because they allow a student who could not usually attend college for free with the only requirementRead MoreThe Smartest Kids At The World Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesEducation is an important part of almost every person s life around the world and without it, we would struggle to develop as we mature into adults. America is currently the third most populated country around the world. With such a big population, it can be assumed that everyone undergoes a great education and graduates with a brain full of the greatest knowledge that everyone needs to know. While it can be true in some cases, other countries appear to be doing a much better job with educating

Concept Paper on Medical Aid Schemes Free Essays

string(88) " will be need to employ additional staff to handle the fund’s administrative matters\." MIDLANDS STATE UNIVERSITY Concept paper on the proposed State Universities Medical Fund Distribution List Mrs. V. Chirasha / Deputy Registrar (Human Resources) Author Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Paper on Medical Aid Schemes or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. Masiyiwa / Lecturer, Department of Insurance Risk Management 1. Introduction Healthcare finance and services providers in Zimbabwe were not spared by the economic downturn of the past decade. Most medical aid societies, practically collapsed when co-payments demanded by service providers exceeded their global limits on benefit payaments. For example, patients were being asked to pay Z$10 billion cash as o-payment and the medical aid society would only pay Z$1 million according to their tariffs. This mismatch, saw many clients, the state universities included, canceling their membership to such schemes and retaining the risk themselves, either funded or unfunded. The introduction of the multicurrency system in February 2009 brought the much needed stability to various sectors of the economy. However, the system was not backed by significant foreign currency inflows and as a result economic activity has remained subdued. Many organizations are currently operating below capacity and are downsizing to remain afloat. This development has significantly reduced inflow of contributions to medical aid societies, who although operating, are still to fully recover and offer full scale benefits. 2. Recent developments Contributions made to medical aid societies are made on the understanding that â€Å"if you do not use it you lose it†. This is understandable as medical aid schemes are basically risk pooling and sharing solutions and premised on the concept that the misfortunes of a few should be met by fortunes of many. However, the tight liquidity situation is forcing many entities to adopt innovative risk management strategies intended to retain as much cash as possible and only outsource those risks that exceed their risk appetite. The economic challenges of the past decade, we faced as a nation exposed the limitations of insurance as a risk financing mechanism. We have all learnt that insurance is not â€Å"THE† solution but part of the solution and that there are also equally good alternatives to insurance. Some medium to large scale organizations have since created self administered insurance schemes to cater for a variety of risks they face in their operations, e. g. material damage, health, funeral, superannuation, etc. Cell Insurance Company has spearheaded the adoption of the concept in Zimbabwe through its â€Å"rent-a-cell† captive arrangement and today it administers a lot of these schemes. However, a worrisome development in Zimbabwe is the transfer of the superannuation and morbidity risk to the employees by cash strapped or unscrupulous employers. Recently most if not all of the state university staff had no membership to any medical aid or health insurance scheme. They were paying for their health and related expenses from personal resources. The extent to which this approach could be used was obviously limited due to the low salaries and allowances staff is currently receiving. The state universities have started receiving funding from the fiscus and renewed their membership to medical aid societies. However, the concept is still the same: if you do not use it, you lose it! How many times have been to the doctor lately, once, twice or none? Literally, medical aid societies are getting richer at the expense of the members, university staff included. Retaining in-house the contributions state universities currently pay to various medical aid societies and health insurance schemes could make a difference to the underfunded institutions. 3. Suggestions for the state universities It is against the above background that I propose that the state universities should consider setting up a unified independent medical benefit fund to finance health and related risks the state university staff are exposed to on a daily basis. It is also proposed that both the employer (state universities) and the employees should make periodic contributions to the fund, the employer paying 80% and the employees meeting the balance of 20%. 4. Costing basis According to latest personnel records, the state universities employ about 3100 in total. Costing of commercial health and self insurance schemes is based on the â€Å"law of large numbers†. The larger the statistical base, the more accurate the loss ratio becomes. Many schemes operating in Zimbabwe today actually started as in-house schemes with even fewer numbers, e. g. FLIMAS and First Mutual. The 3100 university employees constitute a sizeable number, to allow for costing of the proposed medical benefit fund. In addition to the level of benefits required, existing university clinic utilization figures should be analysed and included in the costing model. 5. Advantages of the proposed scheme The proposed scheme has the following advantages: – Contributions to the fund should be lower as members will not pay for medical aid society or insurer’s administration and profit margins. – Interest from the investment of funds will accrue to the benefit fund – Any profits will accrue to the benefit fund Benefits can be tailor made, improved and enhanced with time as the fund grows – There will be no disputes with medical aid society or insurers over claims settlement – There would be a strong incentive by members to reduce claims and control losses – Global limits can be increased easily with minimum or no increase in contributions fr om the employer and employers – Improvement in staff morale can be achieved thereby increasing productivity and the restoration of financial independence and dignity. 6. Disadvantages of the proposed scheme The proposed scheme has the following disadvantages: – The claims statistics, which are used to decide on contributions will come from a narrow base – A catastrophic loss (although remote) could occur in the formative years and wipe out the fund. However, catastrophe cover can be separately arranged with leading reinsurers for a very low premium to cover the fund against an accumulation of claims above the expected budget in any given accounting period. – Individual small claims may not affect the fund too much but their aggregate effect may have catastrophic effects. Catastrophe cover, described above can also mitigate this risk – There will be need to employ additional staff to handle the fund’s administrative matters. You read "Concept Paper on Medical Aid Schemes" in category "Papers" True, but use of existing clinics and facilities at state universities should reduce the number of additional staff required. – There may be a temptation to dip into the fund and pay for unrelated activities. This must be resisted by the board of management/trustees. In any case the business of the fund should be separate from that of sponsoring universities. If the †dip† is to be allowed it should be a loan based on prevailing commercial bank loan terms and conditions. – Benefits from the basic insurance principle of spreading risk will be lost. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. The disadvantages, although real, are highly theoretical and remote. 7. Establishment of a technical working committee To expedite the process a technical committee consisting of representatives from the state universities should be set up. The committee should consist of both management representatives (50%) and employee representatives (50%). This intended to ensure buy in at the early stages and also incorporated the various stakeholders’ interests and ideas in the scheme. 8. The mandate The technical committee must be mandated to carry out the following tasks: 10. 1 Drafting of the constitution The proposed benefit fund will be run according to its Rules and Regulations as enshrined in its Constitution. The technical committee will be responsible for drafting the Rules and Regulations, which will include, inter alia: ) The name and objects of the proposed benefit fund b) Board of management/trustees, appointment and composition, meetings, its powers and functions c) Membership issues e. g. eligibility, application, termination, deprivation of membership, etc d) Subscriptions e. g. level, frequency and mode of payment of subscriptions. e) Beneficiaryship e. g. eligibility, application and termination of benefi ciaryship. f) Schedule of benefits e. g. nature and amounts of benefits, eligibility for benefits, waiting periods, claims for benefits, rejection of claims, ex-gratia payments. ) Assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of the medical fund h) Actuarial valuation i) Dissolution/wing-up of medical benefit fund j) Amendment of rules e. g. power, requirements for amending the rules k) General information for members e. g. benefit exclusions, lodging of members’ complaints and requests, payments of awards not supported by receipts, payment of service providers, list of approved providers, letters of guarantees for services provided outside Zimbabwe, shortfalls, travel cover on holiday, business or study. ) Promotion of the medical fund for acceptance by target service providers and establishing working relationships with them 2. Benefit design The technical committee must develop a number of benefit options which members can choose from. I propose the following plans, that I h ave christened, for want of better names, the university premier plan, university medium plan and the university standard plan. a) University Premier Plan This would be similar to the CIMAS Medexec Plan/PSMAS Pinnacle Plan and is meant to provide executive benefits for the principal officers and senior management. ) University Medium Plan This would be similar to the CIMAS Private Hospital Plan/ PSMAS Select Plan and is meant to provide members who want global limits higher than those provided under the University Standard Plan described below: c) University Standard Plan This should be the entry point and would be similar Excel Plan from PSMAS which currently covers most staff. The plan will pay for consultation and treatment received from Government, Mission, Municipal Private Hospitals, general practitioners and specialists up to a limit, per person per annum 3. Registration of the fund with the authorities The technical committee should be mandated to register the proposed medical benefit fund in terms of the Medical Services Act, Chapter 15: 13 and any other applicable and relevant legislation. 9. Administration The technical committee should consider the following issues that affect the efficient running of the business of the proposed medical benefit fund. 9. 1. Location of registered office and other offices. This could be either in Harare or Bulawayo with satellite offices at all state universities. Any other center could be considered for the location of the head office. My suggestion is based on the density of service providers in Harare and Bulawayo. Most members would be referred to these big centers for specialist medical tests and treatment. Existing facilities could be used as satellite offices e. g. the existing clinics could be expanded and resourced to offer a variety of services normally available from general practitioners. This will save on costs. 2. Staffing issues Additional staff will be required especially for the head office. This will include the principal officer, finance manager, membership and claims administrators. However, they should be very few, because most of the work will be done from satellite offices. Initially there may be a lot of work when the office is set up but that should stabilize with the effluxion of time. 3. Finance and claims administration This could be centralized at head office and payments to service providers and refunds to members made once every fortnight i. e. only on two occasions per month. 4. Dispensary It is advisable to buy the essential drugs from source and keep them in stock for use by members. It will also save on costs. Railmed currently operates such a facility countrywide for the benefit of railway employees scattered across the country. The state universities should use the existing clinics for a similar purpose. Alternatively, mutually beneficial arrangements (drug schemes) can be made with leading private pharmacies to allow members’ access to drugs without paying for them upfront. 5. Approved provider network For the members to benefit, the scheme should be promoted for broader acceptance by as many service providers as possible so that members are not inconvenienced in the time of need. The management of the medical fund should promote the scheme and establish working relationships with all health service providers. This can also save on cost as it is possible to negotiate preferential rates. 6. Access to technical advice The state universities have a large pool of experts on their payroll. The technical committee should tap on that expertise. This will not only serve on cost but show the world that we can use knowledge to the benefit of mankind and practice what we preach! 10. Conclusion Emerging trends in risk management indicate that more and more organizations are electing funded risk retention strategies in an effort to contain cost and get more value for their money. State universities should embrace the philosophy and design and implement robust enterprise wide risk management strategies that mitigate the risks they are exposed to. For a start, establishing a unified independent medical benefit fund to finance the morbidity risk university staff are exposed to will be a good step in that direction. Proposed State Universities Medical Benefit Fund Benefit Limits Schedule General Practitioners, Specialists, Public Private Hospitals) | |Services |Benefit Limits (US$) | | |General Practitioner |Paid in full | | |Physician specialist |Paid in full | | |Hospitalisation | | | |Prescription drugs | | | |Rehabilitative services | | | |Haemodialysis |Paid in full | | |Chemotherapy |Paid in full | | |Chronic disease drugs |Paid in full | | |Dental services | | | |Re fraction |Paid in full | | |Optical |Paid in full | |Maternity |Paid in full | | |Family planning | | | |Hearing aids | | | |Pathology |Paid in full | | |Radiology |Paid in full | | |Blood transfusion |Paid in full | | |Psychiatric care |Paid in full | | |Prosthetic appliances | | | |Ambulance |Paid in full | | |Air Evacuation |Paid in full for life threatening situations| | | |only subject to prior authorization by board| | | |of management/trustees | | |Foreign treatment |Local benefit limit apply subject to prior | | | |authorization by board of | | | |management/trustees | ———————– [pic] How to cite Concept Paper on Medical Aid Schemes, Papers

Management Style Leadership Excellence

Question: Discuss about the Management Stylefor Leadership Excellence. Answer: Introduction Management or rather leadership is very critical in any organization. It is the one that determines whether the business would be sustainable amid stiff competition in the market for quality delivery and services. This work will majorly delve on the efficacy of leadership by providing different theoretical approaches of leadership in the view of ascertaining the leadership styles employed by different managers in the organization. Therefore, for this purpose it is incumbent to analytically evaluate Behavioral Theory that was postulated by Blake and Mouton and the Goal Path Theory in the bid of determining the management styles used in a particular setting by managers. This case study is primarily aimed at evaluating the leadership styles administered by Maria, John and Michelle in their station of work and how it influences other factors such as employees motivation and relationship between the clients and the staff in their areas of operations. John seems to be the best manager in the organization he is working in. His leadership style may attract a lot of customers in their venture. This is clearly seen where he is able to listen and diligently serve well his clients. Moreover, John relates well with his clienteles and as such may be in position of wining their trust and thereby resulting to sustainability of the business. Now being the branch manager he stands a better chance to continue consolidating the good relationship with their clientele so as to remain competitive in the market amid stiff competition that is readily eminent in the market (Skendall, Ostick, Komives Wagner, 2016). Nonetheless, it is explicitly evident that his leadership style does not inspire his employees to work. John is less concerned about the welfare of his employees. He operates in the principle of believing the clients are the major stakeholders and thereby much focus ought to be given unto them more than any other individual in the organiza tion. What John is forgetting is that for the success of the organization he requires the full support of his staff and thereby not listening to them may have a very negative impact to the organization. According to Blake and Mouton (1991) postulate 5 dichotomies of Behavioral theory that critically examines the leadership styles that is applied by different leaders in the organization within a particular time frame. This dichotomies are enumerate as follows; country club management, team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management and lastly produce perish management. This type of manager is the one who allows their employees to operate in a relatively more relaxed environment so as to be very productive and thereby resulting to the success of the venture. It is ideal to sate the being very welcoming in the organization allows the employees to dispense their services well without even an iota of fear in their conduction of activities (Reichard Thompson, 2016). Nevertheless, this type of management may results to laxity among the employees and mostly if the manager is too lenient in the organization. This implies that the business or rather activities in the organization would not be carried out as expected due to the receptivity attitude of the manager in the said environment of working. Therefore, this type of management ought to be applied judiciously so as not to hinder the workability of the employees and thereby resulting to grate loss to the business. On the other hand Michelle turns out to be the best leader as she involves everyone in the organization in the daily activities. Consequently, she is a firm believer of team working. She greatly inspires her staff towards realizing the objectives of the business as she also takes part in the daily activities and thereby setting good precedence for the staff. It is easier for any staff to confide their problem to Michelle as she is very considerate and willing to aid them. This is a clear indication of being concerned with the welfare of the staff who are the engine for the success of the venture since their contribution cannot be understated. However, there are critics who find this type of management risky as there would be level of laxity among employees. Thy type of management does not care much about the welfare of the organization. The type of manager who employs this type of management is only interested in their own welfare. In other words they are only controlled by self-interest and conflict of interest in the firm. This leader will do all what it takes to only enrich themselves rather than putting into consideration the welfare of others including the organization. When a firm employs such an employee there is higher likelihood of such organization being closed due to bankruptcy and incapacitation to run its activities well as a result of multiple debts. Under this management style, a leader would wish to see their employees being very productive. Failure to produce is tantamount to dismiss from the service. This type of leader does not condone any form of nonsense in the business. The employees who work under this leader are less inspired and motivated since the management has no time for them. Similarly, the welfare of the employees in this case are not put into consideration. The only primary objective ion the business is to be productive in order to meet the goals of the organization (Salina, Girtz Eppinga, 2016).It is important also to note that the employees at this level develop fear towards their manger and thereby there is no good cordial relationship between the staff and management in that case. Employees who serve in this environment mostly opt for other places of service since the environment may not be favorable for them. Management is the most suitable since it puts into consideration the welfare of the employees and accords them chance for improvement due to good working relation that is evident in the organization. It is important to underscore that team manager encourages tem spirit for the success of the organization. The leader allows everyone to perform their activities in consultation and cooperation so as to realize multiple fruits for the organization or business at a broader perspective. Moreover, this leader would wish to see one growing from their level of experience by according them good and friendly environment. It is ideal to state that they do inspire their employees to even work better for the success of the venture. Blankstein, Noguera, Kelly and Tutu, (2016) assert that team leaders they also lead by example as they not only instruct their employees but also them they practically do what is entailed of them as the leaders in the organization. Maria employs a good administrative type of leadership. She is not only motivated by money so as to produce but always willing and ready to deliver to her best. It is ideal to state that Maria is receptive but to some level strict in her work. This basically implies that anyone working under het ought to be very produce so as to be ready to move along together. The path goal theory was postulated by Robert House. He strongly believed that the type of leadership ultimately affects the workability of employees. In his view he proposed that a good leader should be very accommodative and the one who would put into consideration the welfare of their employees and involving them in major decision making so as to feel affiliated to the business and thereby realizing the core objectives. The diagram below explicates this theory. This type of leader is always ready and willing to support their employees and most importantly able to coach the staff well so as to be very conversant with what they are doing. On the same breathe, a good leader is that one who would delegate duties and responsibilities and allow the staff room to operate their activities with minimal pressure (Guthrie, Osteen, Jones, 2016). However, directions very key for such a business. The leaders here should demonstrate ability to effectively direct their staff on their various tasks that they ought to perform for efficacy purposes. In conclusion the type of management employed in any system determines a lot the way the working condition would be in a given set up. Notably, it is incumbent to state that the type of management that considers the welfare of employees is the best as it results to productivity. References Reichard, R. J., In Thompson, S. E. (2016).Leader developmental readiness: Pursuit of leadership excellence. Blankstein, A. M., Noguera, P., Kelly, L., Tutu, D. (2016).Excellence through equity: Five principles of courageous leadership to guide achievement for every student. Skendall, K. C., Ostick, D. T., Komives, S. R., Wagner, W. (2016).The Social Change Model: Facilitating Leadership Development. Somerset: John Wiley Sons, Incorporated. Guthrie, K. L., Osteen, L., sJones, T. B. (2016).Developing Culturally Relevant Leadership Learning, SL152. Somerset: John Wiley Sons, Incorporated. Salina, C., Girtz, S., Eppinga, J. (2016).Powerless to powerful: Leadership for school change.